做人做事,要有始有終,ESL learners 要懂得以最洽當的 words and expressions 流利地表達 beginning(開始)和 finishing(結束)的意思。
開門見山,英語人士踫頭,打開話匣子的 opening remarks 是 er, gosh, hell, I mean, look, you know。演講時開場白是 Ladies and gentlemen。
漢語的開頭、開始、起初是同義詞,相反詞是結束、完成、終了。
英語的 Begin,同義詞有 start, commence, open, establish, launch, embark, found, inaugurate, initiate。
英語的 Finish,同義詞有 end, complete, conclude, settle, finalize, kill, axe, abort, dismantle, eradicate。
這一組完成或結束的同義詞,留意用法:The verb “finalize” is best avoided where finish, complete, conclude, settle, etc., would be adequate or more appropriate. 我們應該說:The preparatory work must be finished [not finalized] as soon as possible.
Beginning/Start 的分別
Beginning/Start 雖然通常都指起初階段或第一部分,兩者稍有分別:
Beginning 是個常用詞,例如一個月初頭幾天。A good beginning is half the battle(良好的開端是成功的一半)。
Start 多指某事顯要的,或許是突然的、起初的階段,開頭的行動,如賽跑的起跑,或新生活的開始。The runners lined up at the start(賽跑者在起跑線上排成一行)。
begin with 意思是「從…做起」,「先做…」:例如:Let’s begin with the first paragraph.
to begin with 意思是「首先」,「第一」:例如:We can’t give Paul the position; to begin with, he is too young; secondly he is not suitable.
Right from the beginning 指從一開始;beginnings 指前兆或初級階段; the beginning of the end 指結束的前兆或結局的開始(the first sign of something ending)。
Begin/Start/Commence 三個同義字用法的分別
Begin 較常用於英語口語(more common than Start in spoken English)。Begin 常用於一系列事情的開始(when you are describing a series of events):The story begins with the birth of the princess.
Start 亦多用於 to start a journey(出發)、to start something happening(開展一項事務或組織)、to start a car or machine working(使車輛和機器運轉等情況),而 begin 則不包含這些意思。
Commence is very formal(用法很正式,並且通常不用於口語)。Its opposite is conclude,例如:The meeting will commence at 9 a.m. and conclude at 1 p.m.
Slangs and Idioms of Beginning
和 Beginning 有關的俚語(slang)和慣用語(idiomatic expression),多以動詞開始,例如 get, set, go。
Get cracking 即刻及盡快開始行事;get something off the ground 順利把某事付諸實踐,尤其是歷經艱辛策劃成事的工作;get the ball rolling/get into gear 開始採取有效的方法應付某事;get off the mark 盡快開始採取行動。其他的有:get going, get moving, get the show on the road, get off with a bang, get underway, get down to business,均表示 get on with something。
Set about 開始做;set off 出發;set yourself up 創業;set the wheels in motion 啟動。
Go out of the starting blocks 表示成功開始做某事。這句成語來自體育用語,短跑手開始起步時,把雙腳放在兩塊叫做 starting blocks 的起跑器上面,幫助他以更快的速度開跑。其他的還有:go at it, go ahead with something, go back to the drawing board, go out of the starting gate。
Slangs and Idioms of Finishing
和 Finishing(結束或完成)有關的英文俚語和成語也很多,舉一些以 Finish 這個動詞開頭的例子:
to finish doing something 做完或結束某事;finish off 完成最後部分;finish something off 徹底摧毀、耗盡、吃完;finish somebody off 殺死;finish with somebody 與某人斷絕關係或不再跟他打交道;finish up 以……終結(end up in a particular place or situation);finish something up 吃完或喝完。
還有其他三個非常有用,表達停止或結束的英文成語:
call it a day 退休,或者你決定不再繼續,通常因為你感到疲倦或者對某事感到煩厭。
call it quits 決定停止,或者同意停止比賽和終止爭論。
bring down the curtain or bring the curtain down on something,傳統上戲院會在幕與幕之間,或全劇演畢時,落下舞台前面的布幕。標誌着某件事結束了,可以用得上這句成語。
篇幅所限,到此為至。Let’s wrap it up and say goodbye.
本專欄逢周二、五刊登