本專欄上一期指出:「又」小篆作
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/4dad49f6-0c1e-4b13-a309-93aff942acb9.png)
,象手形
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/0442d215-883c-44fe-b635-9e4934a59230.png)
。《說文解字‧又部》中之「及」字,小篆作
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/30a84c20-4f14-4727-b112-668a0d613019.png)
,本義是追及,《說文》:「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/9003382e-63df-4901-8386-26245f5dd86f.png)
,逮也。从又,从人。」徐鍇《說文解字繫傳》於「从又,从人」下云:「及前人也。」即追及前面的人。「及」字甲骨文作
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/9f25571b-7d2e-46d4-b9df-c972f9183892.png)
,羅振玉《增訂殷虛書契考釋》曰:「象人前行而又及之。」
又「友」字小篆作
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/d8627947-e38f-4557-9885-393b479c61be.png)
,《說文》:「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/c56055c2-e56e-423b-8133-cf3d54e976a9.png)
,同志為友。从二又,相交友也。」意謂志趣相同為友,由兩個「又」(手)字會意,表示相交為友的意思。
此外,《說文解字》有
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/061d658b-f27e-4c7c-b0dd-8800a455e785.png)
(
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/90234b15-6fc7-4a99-b072-13cce3e0d6f8.png)
)部(
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/d29a8e22-0556-474e-838c-ebe2591a2d8d.png)
音拱),其說解云:「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/f9a56cdd-6de6-4de6-bbed-9c6126dec6e4.png)
(
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/1cb7cb06-89c6-46bf-8d82-3bc34e055b3b.png)
),竦手也(「竦」音聳)。从
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/244aa54e-1f3e-4fc6-835c-a39f4b5c38fb.png)
,从又。」 楷化成「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/ffab08fa-fad9-41e2-a0e3-9bd2bd699f2d.png)
」,則
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/eea392a5-2387-4f97-b164-25484501dffe.png)
(左手)楷化為「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/5f8cf3f8-e528-48f4-9f6f-a47611328a1f.png)
」, (右手)楷化為「又」;从
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/486537ae-d65b-4f11-8b99-47f6aa54c5a9.png)
从又,蓋象雙手聚攏持物之形。
「玩」、「弄」二字皆从玉
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/dcff625f-4bd2-47a7-bb4e-b83a268d3f52.png)
部中之「弄」字,小篆作
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/342cb371-be56-4de0-8d12-10c59c07345c.png)
,《說文》:「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/e2c2c081-278d-4f45-a4b6-1a4e4d986ec9.png)
,玩也。从廾持玉。」在
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/22f1d764-893d-4d40-ad66-ed5244721db2.png)
字中, 不再楷化成「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/75bc7f04-ba3f-4ce4-83c6-7ee79ae1012f.png)
」,而楷化成「廾」,
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/64ca6de2-5f84-439b-ac55-fe35f918bf0d.png)
篆所有彎曲的筆畫都拉直了。至於「弄」字上半的「玉」,小篆作
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/9795da92-767a-4b78-af90-82b4193fa77a.png)
,象三片玉瑰相連之形。至於甲骨文的「玉」字,則作
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/d518eca6-58ba-4f80-a24a-c92b48c440c8.png)
、
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/fb31ef57-bdee-4ea1-8868-c827237baefe.png)
,象玉塊相連之形,上下均露出繫玉的繩頭,所連的玉塊或三,或四,或五,後規範為三。楷書「玉」字為了與「王」字區別,在右邊加了一點,寫成「玉」。
順帶在此一談,「玩」、「弄」二字皆从玉,本義是玩賞美玉。清王士禛《池北偶談.談藝一.嚴感遇》云:「(嚴)一日米盡,友人遺白金一餅,攜之市米,遇小漢玉器,輒買以歸,玩弄之。」所用即為「玩弄」之本義。引申為凡玩賞之稱,如「弄月」,意即賞月;又如「弄孫」,意即逗玩孫兒。再引申為「研習」、「反復體會」,如《易‧繫辭上》:「是故君子居則觀其象而玩其辭,動則觀其變而玩其占。」又如漢王充《論衡‧案書》:「劉子政玩弄《左氏》,童僕妻子皆呻吟之。」由此可見,「玩」、「弄」二字本無貶義,其後字義縮小,則指污辱女性。如清譚嗣同《仁學》十:「俗間婦女,昧於理道……至于為人玩弄,為人脅逃,為人鬻販。」
「戒」字《康熙字典》在戈部,《說文》則在廾部。「戒」字小篆作
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/7dc67e3e-2532-4759-abfb-fab3c84d60aa.png)
,《說文》:「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/bcf52b93-150d-442a-badb-21ca373ea652.png)
,警也。从廾持戈,以戒不虞。」「从廾持戈,以戒不虞」,謂雙手握持着戈,以警戒不能預料之事。我們可以見到,在
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/f508dbc5-82ba-47dc-9fc6-cfe6858cb633.png)
字中,跟
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/40856356-2f70-48e3-af94-6e32c0456379.png)
字一樣,
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/facdc851-c79a-43ac-a569-daf3e7015426.png)
也楷化成「廾」,
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/f0c853c0-e20c-440c-af6f-77e70f554d14.png)
篆中所有彎曲筆畫都拉直。
「兵」字《康熙字典》據楷書字形置諸八部,《說文》則在廾部。「兵」字小篆作
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/63314500-797d-4f7d-86c8-4c6672bbb49d.png)
,《說文》:「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/44a13fe1-e741-414b-b8de-4b5646ae7a0a.png)
,械也。从廾持斤……。」「兵」本義是兵械、兵器, 篆由 (雙手)握持着「斤」(斧子)會意。
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/779c4f2e-3ef9-47be-87f7-9b27bdca0b09.png)
楷化成「兵」,
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/63beb6cc-ec8d-45da-b9fd-4adb967d179a.png)
中之
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/415c53d9-eeaa-42d1-b79f-21abc6918743.png)
,變成了
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/563d801e-4688-4ae1-82e1-1af94732455f.png)
。
由此可見, 在楷書中,以多種不同的面貌出現。
「
」與「臼」不同
《說文》
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/03823740-e535-4c5d-a0cf-b0728b8bf5a5.png)
部各字(
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/4af965ae-c553-43d4-85b3-aecdded4dac2.png)
音餘,楷書作「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/1bd6f8b2-046e-45c7-ac57-54c83ac5c965.png)
」),也和
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/3930d4f8-ea0d-4295-9f35-4c3968d1fc1c.png)
密切相關。 之下半即為
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/d1146b77-9fbb-4852-a579-858ded37c50c.png)
,至於上半則為
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/b420f3af-6903-4268-badd-15eb69b1fdd6.png)
(音谷,楷書作「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/1bc5fdcf-21f3-42b3-a0c3-06798de405e3.png)
」)。《說文》:「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/fc0489ac-de25-4e69-9235-e8807910f2ba.png)
(
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/21e65931-25a5-4101-a329-cf013e6ed6ac.png)
),叉手也。从
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/d588ddda-00db-4f56-927f-8217eb0129fb.png)
、
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/909df681-845a-4c04-94bb-c05005ec908f.png)
。」「叉手」,謂兩手手指相向交叉。此字乃由
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/2d0dc2a3-a8c9-4614-9020-7d74e28678dd.png)
、
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/232eeb6d-79a4-495e-8b45-bfc54c830df0.png)
會兩手手指相向交叉之意。需要注意,「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/5ff4064b-4239-4607-ae48-510340ddc171.png)
」與「臼」(音舅)截然二字。《說文》:「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/38d36b28-9377-4d74-a3e3-a59a9eb8f17a.png)
(臼),舂也。古者掘地爲臼,其後穿木石。象形。中,米也。」意謂
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/0fe7cabd-7eb4-47e0-8858-aafe0389424a.png)
為舂米的臼。古時候在地上掘坎成臼,後來挖穿木頭或石頭作臼。
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/774908b1-cadb-4271-adb7-589958a68c16.png)
中之
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/ef31e80a-17f4-40d2-9f2c-6328c403b53d.png)
,乃象臼形,中間之
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/9e21e156-7ff1-4a7f-8344-b472df4316c7.png)
為米。
《說文》:「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/a9ea0b58-5eed-4d8f-a94e-e5d93c489543.png)
(
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/bdf76d3c-9492-466d-a4ac-881b7cd75423.png)
),共舉也。从,从廾。」臼象兩手,廾亦兩手,故「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/9bd027a2-a21e-4f16-bb48-22108f287e12.png)
」會四手共舉之意。古籍中「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/a124babc-b63e-4b9d-93bb-b2884b64c032.png)
」訓抬、扛,如《三國志‧魏志‧鍾繇傳》:「時華歆亦以高年疾病,朝見皆使載輿車,虎賁
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/e854faab-4a24-4e3d-9818-a988e46a111e.png)
上殿就坐。」又「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/0408711a-8409-44f6-a69b-314bc674b6c6.png)
人」即轎夫,「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/de7bc653-ee34-4ece-979a-2372b0d1b5e0.png)
夫」即轎夫或抬棺者。
我們常用的「與」字和「興」字,《說文》均置於
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/9d912d87-9ba6-4f33-b99b-e0731909acc8.png)
部,「與」字說解云:「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/7f57a207-2ee4-4d9e-92a9-29393cabe9d3.png)
(與),黨與也。从
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/e0225a58-8686-4476-8deb-8fca50acb487.png)
,从与。」「从
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/1c9f0a49-700d-44cf-8b33-c30de1286fa4.png)
从与」,段玉裁《說文解字注》改為「从
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/93b7a49b-9e62-42ae-9fae-28ac1af208df.png)
与」,並云:「會意,共舉而与之也。」
至於「興」字,《說文》云:「
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/3ccbd17e-5c23-4b8c-8d74-508cddeed1c7.png)
(興),起也。从
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/3769ed68-bfd5-4296-b3de-8c36a3f71ff5.png)
,从同,同力也。」甲骨文「興」字作
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/e3c854a9-fbcd-4cc5-80f1-5b5a93981eae.png)
、
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/c27a4a95-03f3-45a7-83e7-bc9b3e72c8b1.png)
、
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/9b2f798b-aa61-4a43-b8a5-b29924bab770.png)
,金文作
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/0cf4b2c4-7043-44aa-bd44-ad5876b91af0.png)
、
![](https://bucket-image.inkmaginecms.com/version/mobile/5/image/2024/10/a1bf6bc1-25da-4c3f-9b4e-c0fa814a6bbc.png)
,蓋象眾手共舉船帆之形,其或增口者,乃因眾手合舉一物,為使齊一,需由一人發令命眾人同時並作,字从口者,蓋以此也。
原刊於《明報月刊》,本社獲作者授權轉載。